bit of both? they get training indeed, but must have faith and win the approval of the concerned deity (easy to get, there are some bad apples that eventually fall from the cart) before they can use those awesome power. note though that the days when a cleric had to commune with high level servants, or even with the deity itself to get powerful spells are gone, most of the juice comes from the training and experience, but a cleric who strays too far from the straight and narrow willl fall and lose their powers, barring a suitable Atonement or change of deity and induction in the new deity's clergy (essentially the same as Atoning, as proof of devotion will be demanded)
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Clerics are one of the classes that are in the "Trained" starting age range. So, there's that answer.
I'd also say a bit of both. In the end, the powers are granted by the god, but they also need to learn to open themselves as a channel for this power, which is why they can get incrementally more as they go along
As far as the game system is concerned, it's immaterial. This is a question for the GM and how he or she wants religious PCs to work. Maybe the campaign's religions involve initiates learning and mastering the secrets and rituals of the church or maybe faith is enough to call upon at least some miracles. Either can work with the rules. The question is how does the GM want them to feel within the campaign.
I would say that oracles are just granted their powers, whereas clerics study, pray, and meditate on their religion and faith.
+1 on prepared casters and them being trained in age category.
Clerics are trained. I suppose the logic is that they are taught how to open up themselves to a connection with their god, and then they turn themselves into vessels for their god's powers.
When gods just up and decide to put power into people without a connection or trained to be a vessel, then they basically shove it into the poor person's head and don't care about the bits that get broken in the process.
In the Nightglass tale, Kuthite clerics are shown to study, perform rituals and torture (iirc, or maybe be tortured). That process forms both arcane and divine casters as the protagonist becomes a wizard and others become clerics or multi-classed. That seems to agree with everyone saying you need both study and faith in the Golarion setting.
You could also look to real-world religions as the original inspiration for the class. Some require study, others rituals, and others still just faith. It's up to the setting and GM in the end.
Intelligence isn't their casting stat, they gain their powers regardless of how well they are at studying. They also can be found in cultures that do not have strict teaching regimes and someone can become a cleric without specific teachings, they simply have to believe very strictly in their gods words and teachings. their trained age, might as much be about gods not willing to give powers to younger individuals, who are still trying to figure out what alignment they really are.
^Not all training is intellectual . . . Presumably many Clerics learn their spellcasting (and some amount of martial prowess) as part of being indoctrinated, and then get their Domain Powers and Channel Energy as blessings to go along with this.