Attacks of Opportunity on a Miss

[Barachiel Shina]

Are there any feats that don't have too many prerequisites that allow you to make an attack of opportunity should an opponent miss its attack on you whether it is your normal AC or if you were fighting defensively or using total defense?

[Saldiven]

Check the Snake Style chain. There's one in there.

Edit:

Snake Fang (Combat)
You can unleash attacks against an opponent that has dropped its guard.

Prerequisites: Combat Reflexes, Improved Unarmed Strike, Snake Sidewind, Snake Style, Acrobatics 6 ranks, Sense Motive 9 ranks.
Benefit: While using the Snake Style feat, when an opponent's attack misses you, you can make an unarmed strike against that opponent as an attack of opportunity. If this attack of opportunity hits, you can spend an immediate action to make another unarmed strike against the same opponent.

[Driver_325yards]

Crane Riposte (Combat)

You use your defensive abilities to make overpowering counterattacks.

Prerequisites: Crane Style, Crane Wing, Dodge, Improved Unarmed Strike, base attack bonus +8 or monk level 7th.

Benefit: You take only a –1 penalty on attack rolls for fighting defensively.

Whenever you deflect an opponent’s attack using Crane Wing or lose the dodge bonus from Crane Wing because an attack missed you by 4 or less, you can make an attack of opportunity against the attacker after the attack misses.

In addition, when you deflect an attack using Crane Wing while taking the total defense action, you may make an attack of opportunity against that opponent (even though you could not normally do so while taking the total defense action).

[Chess Pwn]

Elven Battle Torrent

Upsetting Strike

[Scott Wilhelm]

Bodyguard lets you make an Attack of Opportunity whenever someone attacks your ally, hit or miss. It's very limited, though: you only get to Aid Another to improve your Ally's AC.

I believe Archon Style Feats do something similar.

Not a Feat, but there is a magic item, the Crown of Swords. Whenever someone hits you, it summons a Spiritual Sword to attack your attacker. I like the idea of of Snake Fang and Crown of Swords. I call it a damned if you do, damned if you don't build.

Not an Attack of Opportunity, but Panther Style Feats grant you Free Action attacks whenever you provoke attacks of opportunity by moving out of Threatened Squares.

Not the trigger you were looking for, but still relatively inexpensive effects:

There are Teamwork Feats: Broken Wing Gambit, Seize the Moment, and Outflank, and Paired Opportunist. All grant Teamwork Feats on varying degrees of provocation. Exploiting most Teamwork Feats requires elaborate builds, though.

Greater Trip gives you an AoO on every successful Trip. Vicious Stomp gives you an AoO whenever an opponent falls Prone, and they stack.

Greater Bull Rush grants AoO's to your allies, but I can think of a way for you to get an AoO, too.

Also, there are the Snapshot Feats, and just plain old Reach Weapons.

[Cult of Vorg]

Single weapon trick from weapon master handbook, only prerequisite is weapon focus. However, requires light/no armor, free hand, miss by 5, and only works once against a given foe per day.