I have come up with a situation in a game I play in, I am a paladin and I cast magic weapon on my Magic +1 greatsword, and while everyone agrees it does not stack to make it +2 we don't know what to do with divine bond. Originally I used divine bond and added flaming and keen to the weapon, and the GM didn't mind it. However after the session, the GM and I are wondering if it is possible. From my point of view, it should be, and while the +1 doesn't stack you have both active on the weapon, and when you activate divine bond you use the +1 from divine bond to add property like flaming and you use the +1 from magic weapon to add keen, while the base +1 from the weapon keeps the weapon at +1 and magic. Is this how it works or can you not do that?
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The 'Magic Weapon' spell can not be used to add a special weapon property: It only grants a flat +1 Enhancement bonus to the weapon, which doesn't stack with the enhancement bonus that a magical weapon already has and is therefore essentially pointless.
The ability to add a special weapon property to a weapon is specific to the Divine Bond ability and does not apply to other spells and abilities that grant enhancement bonuses unless they specifically state otherwise.
The paladin ability specifies that it stacks with other enhancement bonuses. Magic weapon doesn’t normally stack with other enhancement bonuses so you just use the highest bonus before stacking paladin. You still can’t stack above +5 though.
At 5th level, this spirit grants the weapon a +1 enhancement bonus. For every three levels beyond 5th, the weapon gains another +1 enhancement bonus, to a maximum of +6 at 20th level. These bonuses can be added to the weapon, stacking with existing weapon bonuses to a maximum of +5, or they can be used to add any of the following weapon properties: axiomatic, brilliant energy, defending, disruption, flaming, flaming burst, holy, keen, merciful, and speed. Adding these properties[b/] consumes an amount of bonus equal to the property's cost (see Table: Melee Weapon Special Abilities). These bonuses are [b]added to any properties the weapon already has, but duplicate abilities do not stack. [b]If the weapon is not magical, at least a +1 enhancement bonus must be added before any other properties can be added. The bonus and properties granted by the spirit are determined when the spirit is called and cannot be changed until the spirit is called again. ….
The first bolded section makes it clear that the bonuses stack with existing bonuses. In the second bolded section it states any of the following weapon properties. The fact it is using the plural form indicates you can choose more than one property. The last bolded section states that you can use one of the bonuses to make a non-magical weapon a magic weapon to allow you to add other bonuses. Putting it all together shows that you can use add use divine bond (weapon) to add to add to an existing enchantment bonus and/or add one or more weapon properties to a weapon. The weapon has to be at least +1 before any weapon properties can be added. If the weapon is not at least a +1 weapon you need to make it a +1 weapon by using one of the bonuses.
If you cast magic weapon on a weapon before you use divine bond the effects stack. It can be used to add a +1 enchantment bonus to a non-magical weapon making the weapon magical. That would allow a paladin to use divine bond to add weapon properties without having to use one of the bonuses to give it a 1+ enchantment bonus. If you use divine bond to increase the enchantment bonus of the weapon that magic weapon is cast on, it can increase the enchantment bonus to a maximum of +5 as per divine bond. But when the spell end the divine bond will also end. Since the spell would have to be cast first that means you lose one round of divine bond. It also means if someone dispels the magic weapon it is no longer magic and therefor ends.
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Per the OP, the paladin is starting with a +1 Magical Greatsword.
Casting 'Magic Weapon' on this already magical sword will have no effect, as the +1 Enhancement bonus from the spell will not stack with the +1 enhancement bonus the weapon already has, making the spell functionally worthless (this spell basically exists for characters who don't have a magical weapon yet rather than to 'enhance' an already magical weapon). The 'Bless Weapon' spell is a far better choice if your weapon is already magical.
Using Divine Bond at 5th level allows the character to either increase the weapon's enhancement bonus by 1 to +2 (only because the ability specifically states that it stacks with the existing enhancement bonus) or add a '+1 enhancement cost' special ability from the list provided (again, because the ability specifically states that it can do this) so you are going to end up with one of the following options:
a +2 Greatsword,
a +1 Defending Greatsword,
a +1 Flaming Greatsword,
a +1 Keen Greatsword,
or a +1 Merciful Greatsword.