
angryscrub |
Mega Shark vs Giant Octopus: fighters and rogues LIVING TOGETHER (or how i learned to stop worrying and love the tiers) aka comparing the mechanical abilities of fighters and rogues with an eye to relative ranking in some sort of nebulous tier system
ok, this was inspired partially by the DPR thread, which i think many people missed the point of, and a couple of recent threads claiming rogues are useless and fighters are useless out of combat.
what i've attempted to do is use each class to make a combo character that fights and has skills (ie, in combat and out of combat utility). by taking each down to the bare minimum, i'm hoping to show how well each class is balanced against the other as a bare chassis to hang your character concept on.
Ability Scores:
STR: 19 (+4) (15 base, +2 racial, +2 level)
DEX: 14 (+2)
CON: 10 (+0)
INT: 8 (-1)
WIS: 12 (+1)
CHA: 13 (+1)
HP: 59.5 HP (9+9d8+10)
Saving Throws
Fort: +3 Ref: +9 Will: +4
AC: 18 - Touch 12, Flatfooted 16 (+6 breastplate, +2 dex)
Attacks: falchion +12/+7, 2d4+9 dmg (18-20/x2)
Special Attacks:
Sneak attack +5d6
Class Abilities:
Evasion
Improved Uncanny Dodge
Weapon Training (falchion)
Combat Trick (power attack)
rogue talent
rogue talent
major rogue talent
BAB: +7 CMB: +11 CMD: +23
Feats:
Falchion Proficiency (half orc bonus)
Medium Armor Proficiency
feat
feat
feat
feat
Skills:
7 points per level
Gear:
falchion
composite shortbow (+4 str mod)
Stuff
with PA, no sneak vs ac24
v2.03 Full Attack Single Attack
DPR Average 8.71 6.84
Attack +1 1.91 0.98
Damage +1 0.51 0.40
Extra Attack: 6.84
with sneak, no PA
v2.03 Full Attack Single Attack
DPR Average 19.60 13.57
Attack +1 3.02 1.51
Damage +1 0.75 0.52
Extra Attack: 13.57
with flank and sneak
v2.03 Full Attack Single Attack
DPR Average 25.63 16.58
Attack +1 3.02 1.51
Damage +1 0.98 0.63
Extra Attack: 16.58
with composite shortbow
v2.03 Full Attack Single Attack
DPR Average 3.27 2.81
Attack +1 0.94 0.47
Damage +1 0.39 0.33
Extra Attack: 2.81
with composite shortbow and sneak
v2.03 Full Attack Single Attack
DPR Average 9.40 8.06
Attack +1 2.69 1.34
Damage +1 0.39 0.33
Extra Attack: 8.06
Ability Scores:
STR: 15 (+2) (14 base, +1 level)
DEX: 13 (+1)
CON: 10 (+0)
INT: 18 (+4) (15 base, +2 racial, +1 level)
WIS: 12 (+1)
CHA: 8 (-1)
HP: 59.5 HP (10+9d10)
Saving Throws
Fort: +7 Ref: +4 Will: +4 (+7 vs fear)
AC: 20 - Touch 11 Flatfooted 19 (+9 full plate, +1 dex)
Attacks: falchion +16/+11, 2d4+7 dmg (15-20/x2)
Class Abilities:
Weapon Training +2 heavy blades, +1 bows
Armor Training 2
Bravery +3
BAB: +10 CMB: +12 CMD: 23
Feats:
weapon focus (fighter bonus)
power attack (fighter bonus)
weapon specialization (fighter bonus)
combat feat (fighter bonus)
greater weapon focus (fighter bonus)
improved critical (fighter bonus)
feat
feat
feat
feat
feat
Skills:
7 points per level
Gear:
falchion
composite longbow (+2 str mod)
Stuff
with PA vs ac24
v2.03 Full Attack Single Attack
DPR Average 20.21 13.65
Attack +1 2.68 1.37
Damage +1 0.96 0.65
Extra Attack: 13.65
with PA and flank
v2.03 Full Attack Single Attack
DPR Average 25.94 16.38
Attack +1 2.73 1.37
Damage +1 1.24 0.78
Extra Attack: 16.38
with composite longbow
v2.03 Full Attack Single Attack
DPR Average 5.36 3.71
Attack +1 0.83 0.41
Damage +1 0.72 0.50
Extra Attack: 3.71
on Combat:
defense - equal on hit points and CMD, but the fighter has better AC, though if you wanted to take a lot of cha based skills as a fighter you'd prolly have to switch cha and dex which would even up ac. mobility is an issue for the rogue if mithral armor isn't available for some reason. improved uncanny dodge gives a nice situational boost, and the rogue's touch ac is slightly better. also, the fighter could make use of a shield if circumstances called for it for some reason. saving throws are basically a wash. i wouldn't call it an overwhelming victory for the fighter, but i am gonna say the fighter is better at defense.
DPR offense - raw damage output with a heavy blade, the fighter wins. in situations where sneak attack is useable the damage is about the same. however, the rogue benefits more from extra pluses to hit than the fighter, so in any reasonable 10th level party the rogue will have the dpr advantage in a sneak attack. also, once you get around a +3 bonus to hit, power attack actually increases damage for the rogue when sneak attacking as well. what's interesting too is that when not using a favored weapon, the rogue and fighter damage output is the same, even when the rogue isn't sneak attacking. if forced to attack with say a dagger or club, rogue is actually as effective as the fighter, and more so if sneak is available. i give the fighter the edge here because the rogue is more situational, but once again not a shut out victory for the fighter.
funky stuff - the fighter has 5 unused general feats and one unused combat feat. as i'll show below, if you want to use dex or cha based skills, the fighter will need to use some of those feats to equal the skill output of the rogue, so to keep it even, not all those feats could likely be used for combat. the rogue has 4 unused general feats and 2 minor and 1 major unused rogue talents. the rogue can take pretty much anything the fighter can take (lunge, step up, etc), but the rogue has some options the fighter just has no way to emulate (dispelling attack tree, stand up, crippling strike, etc). looking ahead a bit, the abilities diverge more as level increases and the fighter starts to get some things the rogue can't (penetrating strike, double critical effects), so i think i have to call this one a tie.
Overall Combat Winner: fighter. the rogue is no slouch and has the potential for some nice options, but the fighter is just over all less situational.
on nonCombat activities
both builds get 7 points a level, and armor check penalties are the same.
dex skills - huge advantage for the rogue here. all the dex skills are class skills except ride and fly. fighter only gets ride. what this means is the fighter has to take feats to make up not only the class skill bonus, but the rogue's better dex. ie, the fighter with max ranks in stealth and escape artist and the stealthy feat by tenth level will have exactly the same check as the rogue with max ranks in those two skills.
cha skills - another huge advantage for the rogue. out of 6 skills, fighter has 2, rogue has five. to really make a go of the cha skills, you'd have to switch the fighter's dex and cha scores, and he'd still be worse than the rogue if the rogue made cha the dump stat instead of int. you can make up for this by having the fighter use feats, but it is at the cost of expanding combat options.
wis skills - slight advantage to the rogue here mainly because of perception being a class skill.
str skills - slight advantage to the rogue because of higher stat. both skills are class skills for both builds.
int skills - this is the only place the fighter has the advantage. the heavy int investment to get enough skill points to match the rogue means the fighter can be rather more effective than the rogue here. if you want to switch the rogues int and cha, the rogue honestly doesn't give up much vs the fighter in other areas (and would in fact gain 2 extra skill points a level), but still would lag here.
Overall nonCombat Winner: rogue. the fighter is no slouch with 7 skill points a level, but the rogue just has better class skill lists, and the option to take some talents that the fighter doesn't have access to. certain specific builds favor the fighter, but the rogue is much more flexible.
on Multiclassing
each class sees a rather large benefit from a one level dip into the other class. fighter gets a nice +3 to a lot of desirable skills, a few extra skill points, and a d6 sneak attack at the cost of +1 BAB and a hit point. the rogue gains heavy armor and shields, all martial weapons, and an extra combat feat and general feat (thanks to medium armor prof being freed up) at the cost of a few skill points and delaying a major rogue talent. with either of these builds it would be almost silly not to dip in fact.
Who Wins?
it seems pretty clear to me that mechanically, you'd have a great deal of difficulty telling the difference between having the skill focused fighter with a level of rogue or the combat focused rogue with a level of fighter in your party. the fighter obviously is easier to get better at fighting, and the rogue is easier to get better at skills, but they seem to be pretty evenly balanced, and i'd say they're pretty clearly on the same tier.
so to all those that ask what the fighter can do out of combat, and what good the rogue is in combat, the answer is that each has about as much to offer as the other. how important combat vs out of combat stuff is in your campaign would really determine which is the better choice for any given person that wants a character with a nice mix of skills and fighting and is considering both classes.
Other Thoughts
to me, how well balanced a class is vs another is determined by how easily the other class can take over the perceived duties of that other class. if they meet near the middle, it seems to be a good indicator that they're balanced relative to each other. i picked fighters and rogues for this comparison because of a couple of silly threads that popped up recently, and because it's a relatively straight forward comparison. the value of their respective abilities is generally directly comparable.
also, the reason i didn't take magic items directly into account is because i feel that just muddies the waters. the distribution and availibility of magic is very campaign specific, so i feel it's much more informative to only consider what the class itself grants and address magic and equipment only in a general way.
discuss.

angryscrub |
Umm, OP guy.
Humans get an extra skill point at first level and an extra feat.
Half-elves get skill focus (free)and two favored classes for an extra point every level.
Just a think.
Half orcs are scary so that's a bonus...right.
Mr. Fishy just got here so he may be a little off base.
well, yeah, but that doesn't really matter. both builds benefit from such things. the whole point was just to normalize them against each other and see if one class was mechanically superior to the other. race is really extraneous to the issue since both can benefit from it.

Shuriken Nekogami |

the other races may be nickle and dimed, but the human's bonus feat is fairly big. 1/2 elf if the optimal multiclassing race. human is better for rogues, as rogues lack feats, 1/2 orc for fighters. as fighters get plenty of feats, but that darkvision is sweet. i beleive redescription is fine as long as it can be justified in some way. that has minimal impact on mechnaics.

Mr. Swagger |

and see if one class was mechanically superior to the other. race is really extraneous to the issue since both can benefit from it.
P2: This question was answered eons ago.
P1: Why do these threads keep coming up?P2: Because someone does not beleive in the wisdom of various posters, so it must be proven again.
P1: Maybe we should start making an FAQ and/or a series of links to threads that have proof of certain things so we can get some new blood in here.
P2: Maybe, but that is a lot of work, and if we ran out of things to talk about the off-topic discussion would rule the website.
P1: What is so bad about off-topic discussions?
P2: Why do you ask so many questions?
P1: I only asked too, stop being so cranky.
P2: Anyway we need to find out how to measure the power of a class.
P1: That has come up in other threads.
P2: ...but the OP has not seen it, and this thread can be the first link thread in a line of many to come.
P1: So you are saying this thread can serve the purpose of stopping posters like Zurai, MiB, and VV from answering the same things over and over again.
P2: You can't just leave people out.
P1: Fine. You other posters that did not get mentioned are also great assets. As another example, Treantmonk.
P2: You can leave nonpeople out either.
P1: Fine, Sebastion, the poodle, and Mr.Fishy. I don't always agree with the Fish guy, but he is the most entertaining poster to disagree with.
P2: Are we still on topic?
P1:Close enough. Anyway we will see how this turns out. <sits back and decides to watch the show>, <throws a cold one to P2>

angryscrub |
angryscrub wrote:and see if one class was mechanically superior to the other. race is really extraneous to the issue since both can benefit from it.P2: This question was answered eons ago.
...snip...
sigh. thanks for helping by like, i dunno, posting a link to the pathfinder threads where this has been answered.

Mr. Swagger |

Mr. Swagger wrote:sigh. thanks for helping by like, i dunno, posting a link to the pathfinder threads where this has been answered.angryscrub wrote:and see if one class was mechanically superior to the other. race is really extraneous to the issue since both can benefit from it.P2: This question was answered eons ago.
...snip...
I was just having fun, and waiting for the other posters to start pouring in. :)
On a more serious note most of the answers are on the now destroyed WoTC boards, so we may have to start over.

Davi The Eccentric |

Mr. Swagger wrote:WotC Boards self-destructed?
On a more serious note most of the answers are on the now destroyed WoTC boards, so we may have to start over.
More like changed into a completely different format, and who knows what they did with the archives of Gleemax and the board before that.

Mr. Swagger |

Turin the Mad wrote:More like changed into a completely different format, and who knows what they did with the archives of Gleemax and the board before that.Mr. Swagger wrote:WotC Boards self-destructed?
On a more serious note most of the answers are on the now destroyed WoTC boards, so we may have to start over.
This is what I was referring to. I went back to some old threads, or at least I tried to, but many of them are gone. :(
It's a lot easier to copy, and repost an old reply than it is to argue the same points over and over again.

angryscrub |
angryscrub wrote:Mr. Swagger wrote:sigh. thanks for helping by like, i dunno, posting a link to the pathfinder threads where this has been answered.angryscrub wrote:and see if one class was mechanically superior to the other. race is really extraneous to the issue since both can benefit from it.P2: This question was answered eons ago.
...snip...I was just having fun, and waiting for the other posters to start pouring in. :)
On a more serious note most of the answers are on the now destroyed WoTC boards, so we may have to start over.
well, we would need to start over anyway i think, because the fighter is quite different now. and just so you know, AMIB was one of the ones claiming fighters can't do much out of combat in that thread, so i figured this idea could use a debunking. 3.5 fighters really were just horrible, and while they're no spellcasters or anything now, they aren't a bad chassis to hang a character concept on.

wraithstrike |

Mr. Swagger wrote:well, we would need to start over anyway i think, because the fighter is quite different now. and just so you know, AMIB was one of the ones claiming fighters can't do much out of combat in that thread, so i figured this idea could use a debunking. 3.5 fighters really were just horrible, and while they're no spellcasters or anything now, they aren't a bad chassis to hang a character concept on.angryscrub wrote:Mr. Swagger wrote:sigh. thanks for helping by like, i dunno, posting a link to the pathfinder threads where this has been answered.angryscrub wrote:and see if one class was mechanically superior to the other. race is really extraneous to the issue since both can benefit from it.P2: This question was answered eons ago.
...snip...I was just having fun, and waiting for the other posters to start pouring in. :)
On a more serious note most of the answers are on the now destroyed WoTC boards, so we may have to start over.
The new skill system helps, but with only two skills they are still below average most of the time in a non class skill unless you take skill focus, which is probably unlikely.
I don't think its impossible to make a fighter that can do things outside of combat, but its not the norm*, and it may not be efficient to do so.
*The class was just not made to be useful outside of combat. If you spend your feats on noncombat issues it will have a noticeable impact on your ability to fight.

angryscrub |
The new skill system helps, but with only two skills they are still below average most of the time in a non class skill unless you take skill focus, which is probably unlikely.I don't think its impossible to make a fighter that can do things outside of combat, but its not the norm*, and it may not be efficient to do so.
*The class was just not made to be useful outside of combat. If you spend your feats on noncombat issues it will have a noticeable impact on your ability to fight.
did you actually look at the numbers above in my original post? the skill focused fighter does the same damage in a flanking situation as the combat optimized rogue, more when sneak isn't in play, and gets the same number of skill points per level (7), while having more free general feats.

Shuriken Nekogami |

if you want skill based utility, play a rogue already!
if you want to dominate combat, and don't care about skills, there are 2 options, play a fighter with a greatsword (or falchion) or play a summoner with a kraken eidolon that has an unbuffed strength score in the low 70's (a +30 something modifier), huge size, an unbuffed con score in the mid 30's (Mods in the teens) and an infinitely huge amount of tentacle attacks.

angryscrub |
I'm pretty sure the players of most Fighters don't really give a s%%% if they don't have a lot of built-in out-of-the-box utility. Let some other jagoff worry about it.
really? then why is there a thread about fighters being useless out of combat if players of fighters don't care?
this thread isn't about optimizing for combat or skills, it's about showing if fighter or rogue is better if you want to have something to offer almost all the time, in combat and out.

Mirror, Mirror |
FWIW, I think the OP has it correct. Fighters can do what most others can, they just need to invest in that. That investment may take a toll over time, but you get more utility out of the character.
Kind of like, say, a RANGER, or a BARBARIAN? It bugs me that nobody says Rangers are really weak (some do say that of barbs), yet the Fighter in our RotRL game is an elf FIGHTER that is quite nearly indistinguishable from a ranger. I even joked he should take a raven familiar when he takes the wizard level (AA, of course) so people will actually MISTAKE him for a ranger. That is, till he fireballs.

Caineach |

FWIW, I think the OP has it correct. Fighters can do what most others can, they just need to invest in that. That investment may take a toll over time, but you get more utility out of the character.
Kind of like, say, a RANGER, or a BARBARIAN? It bugs me that nobody says Rangers are really weak (some do say that of barbs), yet the Fighter in our RotRL game is an elf FIGHTER that is quite nearly indistinguishable from a ranger. I even joked he should take a raven familiar when he takes the wizard level (AA, of course) so people will actually MISTAKE him for a ranger. That is, till he fireballs.
Really, I see a lot more Rangers are weak than I see Bards are weak. Personally, I think they are the weakest and least useful of the melee combatants, but it still doesn't prevent me from playing one now. I loves me my skill points.
As a note, the fighter loses some combat utility when he focuses on OOC utility, but I don't think he loses much on his beat down potential.

angryscrub |
FWIW, I think the OP has it correct. Fighters can do what most others can, they just need to invest in that. That investment may take a toll over time, but you get more utility out of the character.
Kind of like, say, a RANGER, or a BARBARIAN? It bugs me that nobody says Rangers are really weak (some do say that of barbs), yet the Fighter in our RotRL game is an elf FIGHTER that is quite nearly indistinguishable from a ranger. I even joked he should take a raven familiar when he takes the wizard level (AA, of course) so people will actually MISTAKE him for a ranger. That is, till he fireballs.
honestly, i think that's because rangers are actually less flexible in a way than fighters or rogues, and at the same time harder to quantify. your build options are more narrow (and really archery is the only one worth considering. twf is really subpar for a ranger), and stuff like animal companion and spells always seems to cause controversy in how useful they are.
that being said, i was thinking of trying to do a barb and ranger build normalized against the fighter and rogue builds above. i'm pretty sure the lack of feats is really going to hurt the barbarian in the flexibility department, but i dunno if it will be enough to where i'd consider the barb on a lower tier. i'm guessing the ranger will come out pretty well as long as you want to be an archer.

Mirror, Mirror |
honestly, i think that's because rangers are actually less flexible in a way than fighters or rogues, and at the same time harder to quantify. your build options are more narrow (and really archery is the only one worth considering. twf is really subpar for a ranger), and stuff like animal companion and spells always seems to cause controversy in how useful they are.
that being said, i was thinking of trying to do a barb and ranger build normalized against the fighter and rogue builds above. i'm pretty sure the lack of feats is really going to hurt the barbarian in the flexibility department, but i dunno if it will be enough to where i'd consider the barb on a lower tier. i'm guessing the ranger will come out pretty well as long as you want to be an archer.
Dwarven ranger, focus on str, twin waraxes? I think a ranger TWF can hold DPR vs the fighter. The lack of MAD helps some here.
I would like to see the comparisons. I think they will stack pretty well against each other.

angryscrub |
angryscrub wrote:honestly, i think that's because rangers are actually less flexible in a way than fighters or rogues, and at the same time harder to quantify. your build options are more narrow (and really archery is the only one worth considering. twf is really subpar for a ranger), and stuff like animal companion and spells always seems to cause controversy in how useful they are.
that being said, i was thinking of trying to do a barb and ranger build normalized against the fighter and rogue builds above. i'm pretty sure the lack of feats is really going to hurt the barbarian in the flexibility department, but i dunno if it will be enough to where i'd consider the barb on a lower tier. i'm guessing the ranger will come out pretty well as long as you want to be an archer.
Dwarven ranger, focus on str, twin waraxes? I think a ranger TWF can hold DPR vs the fighter. The lack of MAD helps some here.
I would like to see the comparisons. I think they will stack pretty well against each other.
generally I've only found two weapon fighting to be worth it if you have some condition or massive damage bonus you can apply per hit, and even then only on full attacks. Ranger has neither of those except against primary favored enemy, which is pretty situational except in maybe specific campaigns (ie favored enemy undead in ravenloft). otherwise two handed is just more generally reliable to hit and damage. YMMV, but the DPR thread does seem to bear that out.

Shuriken Nekogami |

2WF rangers were only made because of Drizz't. (did i get the spelling right) archery is the superior option but still suboptimal. but ask treantmonk about some build he calls the switch hitter. strength primary, wields a compisite bow as a secondary weapon (with archery combat style) main weapon is a falchion, feats from levels focused on making falchion better, such as getting that 15-20 crit chance and power attack. you want to hit hard with that darn falchion. so power attack, and 15-20 crit will increase your dpr, and you only need one weapon, maybe a spiked guantlet for dealing with grapple. i know greatsword is more common, but falchion if you don't care about the 25 gold piece difference is much better. and most magic items are bought at "Ye Olde Magic Shoppe" anyway. multiclassing fighter works wonders. a falchion is a fighter's best friend too.
treantmonks reccomendation; Greatsword, more common
mine; Falchion, better crit, price difference becomes negligible early on, better total dpr, especially under keen or other crit doubling effects.
most equipment is bought at "Ye Olde Magic Shoppe" or "Mage Mart" or "The Magic Market" which has everything in the allowed books up to city GP limits. local gp limit not sufficient? get the party wizard to teleport you to a richer city with a higher gp limit.

Shuriken Nekogami |

Shuriken Nekogami wrote:2WF rangers were only made because of Drizz't.Point of fact: Rangers were TWF'ers well before Drizz't. IIRC, rangers for 2nd Ed were the only class allowed to dual-wield longswords with no additional penalty.
i guess i didn't know better, sorry, but Drizz't seems to be one of the bigger reasons they kept the 2WF rangers. a trap option that rogues do better. (with shortswords or daggers + sneak attack) rangers make better archers, and better switch hitters, but fighters are better combat monsters than either. especially if they focus in the +5 falchion, Power attack, 30 str, greater wpn specializtion tree, improved critcal (falchion) weapon training (+5 heavy blades), melee mastery (slashing) (PH2) and slashing flurry (PH2)
attacks (w/ power attack) +30/+30/+25/+20/+15 Damage 2d4 + 49, crit 15-20x2 (30% chance)average of 54 per swing.
enchant price, 50,000 gold pieces
falchion 375 gold pieces
feats used; 8
fighter levels required; 20.
and this is a relatively easy fighter build to pull off.

Ravingdork |

...fighters are better combat monsters than either. especially if they focus in the +5 falchion, Power attack, 30 str, greater wpn specializtion tree, improved critcal (falchion) weapon training (+5 heavy blades), melee mastery (slashing) (PH2) and slashing flurry (PH2)
attacks (w/ power attack) +30/+30/+25/+20/+15 Damage 2d4 + 49, crit 15-20x2 (30% chance)average of 54 per swing.
enchant price, 50,000 gold pieces
falchion 375 gold pieces
feats used; 8
fighter levels required; 20.
and this is a relatively easy fighter build to pull off.
Unless of course you can't use v3.5 stuff.

Shuriken Nekogami |

the only 3.5 material i threw in there was slashing flurry and melee mastery (slashing)
without those 2 it becomes +31/+26+21+16 2d4+47 damage 15-20x2 crit range. but those 2 feats were from one of the few 3.5 books that almost everyone i knew (even online) allowed. the PHB2, deemed the most balanced single splatbook. the complete series was mostly, balanced, redundant or overpowered leaning towards the latter 2. any "Cheese" came from design flaws of certain base classes.
the big design flaw was the shortcoming of most casters. this shortcoming came in the form of no worthwhile features, which gave no justification to stay in the same class. the key was to find prcs that lost not even a caster level. as most of the minor losses from not sticking with the base could be mitigated, or even negated, familiars were optional, even swappable for a variety of things, turn undead was so useless that all it was good for was feat fuel, wizard bonus feats weren't as good as most class features a prc could provide. and the multiclassing system demands hybrid prcs. the only way, gishes, arcane rogues, hybrid casters and the like could even function at the bare minimum.

Mr.Fishy |

P1: Fine, Sebastion, the poodle, and Mr.Fishy. I don't always agree with the Fish guy, but he is the most entertaining poster to disagree with.
Um... thank you for that compliment, maybe. If you disagree with the Fishy feel free to argue your point Mr. Fishy enjoys bickering. If you have a valid point Mr. Fishy may concede and see the world your way for a while. Mr. Fishy is a never wrong. Because he's willing to actual think about your arguement instead of just stone walling your point. Some times Mr. Fishy misses one and needs to be called on it. please feel free to call a fishy out, Because Mr. Fishy isn't likely to hold back on you.
So anyway, thank you for the backhanded compliment.