It cannot be known.
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Keeping it deliberately vague means the DM can make answers to every one of those questions for their own campaigns.
For example, in my campaign it currently works like conversation between other races.
If a Telepath decides he wants to just tell one person (like whispering) then I am allowing other telepaths near by a chance to hear it with perception checks.
For walls etc, I'm going to make it the same limitations as you'd expect for other creatures shouting. So Walls muffle telepathy. But telepathy can work in a vacuum, whereas sound can't.
I've even developed some simple social norms. If a telepath broadcasts conversation so more than one person hears it, then it's considered socially polite to respond aloud rather than respond via mind link.
I'm basically making it not too complex to prevent weird situations arising.
Well to answer the multiple people part at least, it is said that having a telepathic conversation with multiple people is just as difficult as hold multiple conversations with speech.
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I asked in part of a rules thread, but this seems as good a place as any:
How does Telepathy work and how do Lashunta and Shirren Societies treat it?
Until more information becomes available, this is up to your GM.
Does it work through walls? To creatures outside line of sight? Can a Lashunta kid yell to his mom in the other room?
Currently there is no wording requiring line of sight or line of effect, so if they're within range by RAW it should work. GM fiat applies of course.
Can you broadcast to multiple people?
Explicitly, yes.
It is possible to address multiple creatures at once telepathically, although maintaining a telepathic conversation with more than one creature at a time is just as difficult as simultaneously speaking and listening to multiple people at the same time.
Can you speak only to a specific person?
Can you speak to a random subset of people (only lefties!)?
The closest thing I can find to this is that Limited Telepathy (the kind generally available to PCs) requires you share a normal language. Fortunately for PCs at least Common will usually suffice.
What happens if the person you're telepathying at doesn't know any of your languages?
Assuming you just have Limited Telepathy, by RAW it just fails. Though if I was GM I would just have your "thoughts" to each other be in relevant languages, so it would be similar to trying to verbally talk to another that does not share a language.
What if you have a language in common, but you "telepathy at them" in a different language?
I don't think you actually "telepathy at them" in any particular language, but more you think in the sum of the languages you know, and then they filter out what they understand, and vice versa.
Can two Shirrens communicate telepathically in front of a third without the third knowing? How rude is this?
I'd imagine so, though like Wrath I would allow a mental Perception check to overhear.
Can three Shirren all talk with each other, or do they have separate two-way conversations and have to repeat things?
As you can explicitly broadcast to multiple people, I can't imagine this would be any different than having a verbal conversation between three people, just less likely to be overheard by non-telepaths.
Combining some of these questions:
Can a Lashunta shout to a building so that *only his sister* can hear (if she's inside, he's not sure,) but his parents can't?
Provided she's in range, should be possible.
Is there any way for his parents to overhear?
RAW no, but again houserules so check with your GM.
Can this Lashunta shout to "any females" or some other limited group? Or it is either "anyone" or "this specific person"?
I believe it's the latter, unless the Lashunta can see everyone to know which creatures to single out.
How does telepathy work with non-telepaths?
1-on-1 same as with Teleptahs, just only you can initiate. For larger groups, see the next segment.
Say I start a telepathic conversation with my 5 crew mates.
Can they all here me at once, or do I need to "transmit" to each one?
Can they hear each other once they're communicating with me, or do I need to repeat things to everyone?
If you mass-broadcast they can all hear you, but to get Crew Mate 1's thoughts to Crew Mate 3 you'll need to repeat it.
Can they "shout" or "think at me" to start a conversation, or do I need to initiate before they can respond?
Unless you're using Detect Thoughts, you'll need to initiate.
Does any of this change if they're on the other side of a wall?
RAW it doesn't, but always check with your GM.
If telepaths and non-telepaths work differently, how do two telepaths with different ranges work?
Can my 180' Lashunta talk to a bunch of 30' Shirren, but them not able to respond to each other?
If everyone's within each other's range then it's as multiple telepaths, but if anyone's range doesn't reach then for that person it's like telepath-to-non-telepath. (A small note though, both Shirren and Lashunta have 30 foot range, though either of these races as a Phrenic Adept will now have 90 foot range)
What about 4 Shirren each 25' apart, all trying to talk to each other? Do they need to do a ton of mental telephone to talk?
Just like if those 4 were communicating verbally.
Do Lashunta and Shirren work differently? I could imagine that Shirren always "broadcast" to everyone in range, but Lashunta have only 1-1 communications.
RAW no difference, though if a GM (or later book) wanted to introduce differences in either flavor or mechanics that's up to them.
What's the etiquette like? Is sound-talking more "formal"?
How rude is it to communicate directly in front of others (as opposed to the "broadcast channel", if there's even a difference)?
Is it considered intrusive, formal, more personal, etc to talk directly instead of "on broadcast" even if there are only two Lashunta present?
etc.
Flavor stuff like that, at least at the moment (future books might go more into the etiquette of telepathic races,) is purely up to the GM.
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I think the answer to most of these questions is "it works just like talking, only within thirty feet and it doesn't require air."
As for socially? Under Lashunta it specifically states that Lashunta consider talking (and not telapthy-ing) too much rude.
When you telepathy at a non-telepathic species, you basically 'open up a line of communication' that lets the two of you communicate. Think of non-telepaths as having a phone that can recieve calls but can't dial out.
You can telepathy to specific people, but I think only if you can see them. Unless otherwise explicitly stated, most abilities require line-of-effect. I would assume you can broadcast to all within your area, but those are personal GM house-rulings. Doesn't say one way or another.
I don't know about the overhearing telepathy thing. My instincts say 'no' because detect thoughts is a different power, but again, that's my knee-jerk reaction.
Not dumb. It's "Rules As Written". You'll often see it hand-n-hand with RAI, Rules As Intended. Then comes crunch (stats), flavor (descriptions), and much, much more. But those should get you started. Just wait. At some point you'll have an entire discussion using only acronyms!
I can kinda see where you might get that interpretation, but that's really not what they're for. A GM is free to do whatever they want with their own game, RAW and RAI are mostly for settings like Society play, or the boards here, where it's for getting a consistent idea of what the base rules are. No one (usually) is trying to "beat" anyone, we just seek better knowledge and understanding of the system as it is at its most basic, which can then in turn lead to better creation of houserules, or homebrew, or third-party products, or snap decisions or any other creation that is affected by those base rules.