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The Magic Domain power grants you the ability to throw a melee weapon (in this example, a mace), using your Wis mod, instead of your Dex mod, for the attack roll.
Since the Mace isnt actually designed to be a ranged weapon, despite the power letting you throw it, would the mace count as an improved ranged weapon, oe do you think the Domain power giving you the ability to throw it magically overrides that penalty?
You don't actually throw the weapon. Hand of the Acolyte states that the weapon flies from your hand (with magic!) to strike your target. It simply states that it functions like a thrown weapons. It gives you a hard range and a formula for the attack roll. No penalty for improvised weapon - they just didn't want to spell out all the rules again when using an existing example would suffice.
That one is a little trickier, and I'm afraid I don't have a ready answer for you - but I'm sure someone here does.
Were I running a game though, I don't think that allowing them to slight without precise shot would be problematic. Even if the cleric builds himself around thrown weapons (which is kind of unusual, but could be interesting) its uses are limited enough that in a given day he can't use this ability for every attack he makes. A few times each combat? Certainly. But not on every attack roll.
That being said, I usually don't have players that poke and prod the system until it breaks, so I can't be certain.