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This question actually relates to nature, religion, and arcana as well, but I’m focusing on occultism as an example.
If you are an occult spellcaster, you can gain access to a new occult spell from someone who knows that spell or from magical writing like a spellbook or scroll.
I am particularly noting that this does not say “prepared” caster, and there are no prepared casters of occultism at this point anyway.
Does this mean that, say, bards can add spells to their repertoire just by making an occultism check?
No, they can learn uncommon/rare spells this way, but they still need to add them to their repertoire by retraining (downtime or on level up).
Note how it says you gain "access". That's the same as a goblin gaining access to uncommon weapons like the horsechopper via ancestry feat. He still has to get them the usual way (i.e. buy them).