If I have Shield as, say, an innate spell, as well as Shield prepared as a cantrip, can I cast another Shield after using Shield Block, even if it hasn't been 10 minutes yet?
Probably no. You could argue that if your innate spellcasting and your prepared spellcasting came from different traditions (like Arcane/Occult) that it might count as different spells, but generally you can only know a spell once.