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All of this is about Multiclassing, not the base Classes themselves, which all have a Class Feature for Specialization/Bloodline/Muse/Deity/Order.
Clearly that is discrete Class Ability which needs to be explicitly granted if that is intent, which the RAW doesn't seem to consistently do.
I first assumed the Multiclass Dedications functioned identically re: these "paths", but differences in RAW phrasing call that into question:
Choose a muse as you would if you were a bard. You have that muse for all purposes, allowing you to take that muse’s feats, but you don’t gain any of the other abilities it grants.
Choose an order as you would if you were a druid. You become a member of that order and are bound by its anathema, allowing you to take the order’s feats. You become trained in Nature and your order’s associated skill; for each of these skills in which you were already trained, you become trained in a skill of your choice. You don’t gain any other abilities from your choice of order.
These are most similarly worded. Both express that you "have" or are "of" the Muse/Order, "as if you were" the full base class. Bard Multiclass explicitly states you count as having the Muse "for all purposes", which Druid Multiclass doesn't, which seems potentially confusing although I believe the intent and plausible reading is functionally identical.
Choose a deity as you would if you were a cleric. You become bound by that deity’s anathema. You become trained in Religion and your deity’s associated skill; for each of these skills in which you were already trained, you instead become trained in a skill of your choice. You don’t gain any other abilities from your choice of deity.
Cleric doesn't have the explicit 'allowing you to take Feats' or "for all purposes" wording. It does say you choose a deity "as if you were a cleric", which plausibly means you effectively "have" the Deity "class ability" which reasonably would qualify for any Cleric Deity Feats or any other effect (including Divine spells using Deity Alignment or Favored Weapon). Which in effect makes this the equivalent of above Multiclass Dedications, just with more potential confusion from the further difference in phrasing.
Choose a bloodline. You become trained in the bloodline’s two skills; for each of these skills in which you were already trained, you become trained in a skill of your choice. You cast spells like a sorcerer. You gain access to the Cast a Spell activity. You gain a spell repertoire with two common cantrips from the spell list associated with your bloodline, or any other cantrips you learn or discover. You’re trained in spell attack rolls and spell DCs for your tradition’s spells. Your key spellcasting ability for sorcerer archetype spells is Charisma, and they are sorcerer spells of your bloodline’s tradition. You don’t gain any other abilities from your choice of bloodline.
This is even more divergent: It doesn't mention anything about allowing Bloodline Feats, or "for all purposes". More critically, it doesn't say you "have" or are "of" the Bloodline, or that you are choosing a Bloodline "as if you were" a Sorceror. So while "choosing" a Bloodline gives reference point for it's granting of skills, cantrips, etc, it hasn't clearly equated this with the Bloodline class feature in broader sense, like whether you should qualify for Bloodline Feats or other purposes (i.e. Bloodline specific magic items). If you don't technically "have" a Bloodline in same sense as Sorceror Class Ability, that would even rule out Arcane/Divine/etc Evolution Feats, although Advanced/Greater Bloodline (Focus spell) Feats only have pre-req of Bloodline Spell (not Bloodline per se) which you can gain via specific Multiclass Feat.
The way it discusses Tradition, influenced by Bloodline, is interesting in that it doesn't state it up-front, first just indirectly referencing "your tradition's spells" without having stated what that is... Later another indirectly phrased reference to "...they are sorceror spells of your bloodline's tradition". Which do suggest you "have" a tradition, indirectly suggesting you "have" a bloodline. Later Multiclass Feats refer to "your bloodline" seemingly assuming you "have" a Bloodline in general sense. However, still lacking fundamental language re: choosing Bloodline "as if you were a Sorceror" really makes that a weak inference: it gives me enough to "want" to believe that is intent, but I don't think it's clear to say the RAW works identically to the above Dedications re: counting as "having" a Bloodline.
Select one arcane school of magic. You gain the school’s initial school spell. If you don’t already have one, you gain a focus pool of 1 Focus Point, which you can Refocus by studying. (For more on arcane schools, see page 204.)
This one really has no basis for appearing to function similar to above Dedications. No mention of "for all purposes", "allowing you to take Feats", or "as if you were Wizard". There is no indication you "are" or "have" a School Specialization in any sense: All it does is give you the School (Focus) Spell of a School. Of note, unlike how Sorceror Advanced/Greater Bloodline Spell Feats only have "Bloodline Spell" as Pre-Req (not explicitly requiring "having" the Bloodline per se), Advanced School Spell Feat actually requires "Arcane School", which the Multiclass Arcane School Spell Feat gives no indication of granting. And unlike Multiclass Sorceror, there aren't even any later Multiclass Feats which evidence an "assumption" you "have" a Specialization.
Another issue is how Wizard Dedication can relate to Universalist. Is Universalist a valid designation for Arcane School Spell (Multiclass) Feat? If the School selection were phrased "as you would if you were a Wizard", that would be very reasonable despite Unversalist not being a School per se, it effectively is one for purpose of Wizard's School Class Ability selection. Seemingly, it would give no direct benefit, as the Feat only grants a Focus Spell derived from School, with Universalist's benefits not including any Focus Spells (besides not exactly being a School). Regardless of that lack of direct benefit (although it would still grant Focus Point, without Focus Spell), IF we assume it is intended for Multiclass to qualify as having "Arcane School" for purposes of Feats/otherwise AND Universalist being a valid choice, then one COULD qualify for Universalist Feats like Hand of the Apprentice. That's far from clear, though. And if this is enabled by Errata, I would expect a selection of Universalist to grant some direct benefit, either modeled on Universalist's normal benefit (even if just a reduced subset), or just directly granting Hand of Apprentice. Of note, Universalist's higher level "Universal Versatility" (same level as Advanced School Spell) DOES grant access to Focus Spells which would benefit from low level Arcane School Spell (Multiclass Feat) granting 1 Focus Point/pool.
I think all of these (except Multiclass Bard) would benefit from standardizing wording, to remove any confusion or second guessing about differences in wording... But Multiclass Sorceror and most especially Wizard seem critically in need of Errata. In case of Multiclass Wizard, possibly even specifying direct benefit for Universalist if that is to be valid choice as normal for School selection "as if you were a Wizard".
Select a school and choose a bloodline are the same language the core Sorcerer and Wizard class features use. The language is standardized.
Critically in need of errata seems like a huge overstatement here.
I'm aware those words are used in the base Classes, but in those cases they are located within discrete Class Ability which itself has mechanical implications, i.e. you clearly have that ability, which the "selection" wording is a subsidiary of... not an ability in it's own right. Merely stating "select a School" -> "Gain that School Spell" doesn't have that broader implication.
If one believes that is enough to count as the Wizard Class Ability, you then should also gain all other effects of the Class Ability selection, since it doesn't have "You don’t gain any other abilities from your choice..." wording which other Multiclasses do. Which would include not only the extra spellbook spell and Universalist Bonus Feat, but the bonus School slots and Universalist Bonded Item per Spell Level... which seems rather dubiously balanced.
There's a bunch of wording amongst the Multiclasses which is semi-standardized (if inconsistently) that Wizard lacks. Assuming words are meaningless and irrelevant doesn't seem like good editing standard, even if I don't think every minor variance is necessarily critical (as I distinguished each Multiclass variant wording). Using equivalent wording to other Multiclasses just doesn't seem big ask, or unreasonable thing to address if they want to ensure standardization in core rule references. Abilities which involve sharing same selection as other ability to be used towards targeted purpose, yet without granting that other ability in general, seems reasonable design space... Yet if there isn't clarity here, the function of those may also be questioned.
I'm not at all comfortable now allowing Multiclass Wizard to select Universalist, which would reasonably be allowed if this functioned "as if you were a Wizard" using Arcane School Class Ability. And whether or not they have "Arcane School" Class Ability for other schools (also granting bonus slots) basically hinges on same question.
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I agree that there should be a bit more information. My guess is that multiclass Wizards can't be Universalists. It says you need to select a school and gain the focus spell for it. Since Universalists don't get a free focus spell and instead select a feat, I'd say it is not an option for multiclassing RAW.