Nothing specific, but I would say it counts as 'extremely violent motion' (DC 20 + spell level).
Add the damage to the above DC. If he was tripped BEFORE starting Casting, just use the DC for damage dealt: per RAW, just being Prone doesn't affect Concentration.
AFAIK Yes because Trip is "in place of an attack". The further wording in Cleave seems to be assuming it is a "normal" damaging attack, but it never gives an explicit restriction to only "normal" damage-producing attacks. The idea just seems to be that your 1st attack is resolved however it normally is, and then you get the second attack.
I agree it's an oversight that will likely be Errata'd, the WHOLE IDEA of the CMB change is that all maneuvers work more or less the same, and certainly a wonky difference of exceeding vs. matching a DC does not seem likely to be intended.
OOHHH.... For that one, you're first going to have to make a wager on how long it will be until Paizo deigns to acknowledge this topic. :-)
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I agree it's an oversight that will likely be Errata'd, the WHOLE IDEA of the CMB change is that all maneuvers work more or less the same, and certainly a wonky difference of exceeding vs. matching a DC does not seem likely to be intended.
Well, it's been years now, and Paizo hasn't corrected it yet, as of the latest errata that I've seen. Maybe that means that it's not an oversight? Does anyone have any idea why trip works differently from other combat maneuvers in that respect? Did Paizo feel that a tripper ought to get, effectively, a -1 penalty?
And now it is 2016 and still no correction, or errata or confirmation.