Do the penalties to ranged attacks from fog and snow apply to a creature with the Improved Precise Shot feat? I guess they do, RAW, since these penalties aren't labelled as either cover or concealment. RAI, though, they do seem to me to represent a form concealment/cover (which is less than total).
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A creature with Improved Precise Shot could shoot at someone next to them in heavy fog without taking the concealment penalty. But can't see further than 5 feet to target anything else.
I've always viewed the ranged attack penalties from precipitation as being more due to the high amount of moisture deflecting the projectile's path. Particularly in the case of rain and snow.
Heavy fog kinda breaks down if you are over-literal. By a strict reading a creature with some form of blindsight would take penalties in light and medium fog but not in heavy fog. That obviously shouldn't be the case, so I apply the penalties for medium fog in heavy fog as well.