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If the casting time is 1 full-round action, then it comes into effect as that action ends on your turn (which may be the end of your turn, depending on if you're taking a swift action, a 5-ft-step, or similar afterwards).
Note: That casting time is usually reserved for spontaneous casters applying metamagic to their spells. Regular spells rarely, if ever, have 1 full-round action as their casting time.
If the casting time is 1 round, then the spell comes into effect just before your initiative count on the following round.