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Also, spellcasting ina a grapple-

Depending on where you look, you'll find at least 3 different sets of rules.

There's the "DC 15+Spell Level" Spellcraft Check in the Grappled condition- along with "DC15 + spell level, nothing with a focus, material component, or somantics period" in the Pinned condition

In the "Spellcasting" chapter, both get a "DC 20 + spell level, no somantic component, must have material focus in hand".

The "combat" chapter simply doesn't list it as one of the options (implicitly impossible), and seems to imply you'd need to win an opposed grapple check to even try any action.

And, of course, you cannot take an AoO against a spellcaster you're grappling. Even if they have the hand free to use a somantic spell or attack with a light weapon.


Grapple rules contradict themselves at least 4 times that I've noticed.

1: Light Weapons-
On Page 99, it says "[A light weapon] can be used while
grappling."
However, it has no actual effect. In the "grapple" section (pages 150-151), you cannot make an attack. You simply do damage (no roll) equal to your unarmed damage.
My first attempt at reconciliation was "So, since they're armed, they don't provoke an AoO". Except, on the "grappled" condition (Page 400), it says that a grappled/grappling character cannot take Attacks of Oppourtunity. (no exclusion for "even against the one you're grappling.")
The intent is halfway clear (you should use the light weapon's damage, for a -4 penalty on the grapple roll), however it still leaves the question of "should you roll for it?:

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2: Spell casting
Under the grappled condition (page 400) it says "A grappled character that attempts to cast a spell must make a Spellcraft check (DC 15 + the spell’s level) or lose the spell."
First, the Grapple section in combat (page 150-151) states you can only move, damage, or pin- you're explicitly not allowed to cast spells.
Second, this is the same penalty as casting defensively- for when someone is on top of you and already touching you, and can't make an attack of opportunity even if you fail the roll. By the condition's standards, grappling actually HELPS a spellcaster- except they can't cast.

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3: Spell casting B
Again, the grappled condition (page 400) gives a flat DC 15+spell level to cast.
However, under the spellcasting section, grappled or pinned (page 155), it says "The only spells you can cast while
grappling or pinned are those without somatic components
and whose material components (if any) you have in
hand. Even so, you must make a Spellcraft check (DC 20 +
the level of the spell you’re casting) or lose the spell."
One, an explicit mention of whether or not a Divine Focus is functionally the same as a material component would be nice. Two, the numbers are different. Three, the "spellcasting" listing restricts the spells plausible. Four, there is not a distinction between spellcasting limits in Grappled & Pinned.
The pinned condition, by the way, has the same 15+spell level DC to cast. And says you absolutely cannot cast a spell with a material component, in hand or not.

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4: Armor Class
The Armor Class Modifier table (page 147) says "Treat the defender’s Dexterity as 0 (–5 modifier)", and that it's -4 if melee, none if ranged. The Pinned Condition (401) says they're flatfooted and have a flat -4. If that -4 is because they're prone, they should get a +4 to ranged.

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As not a contradiction, but simply a "there are a half-dozen ways to interpret this" type annoyance
And the "a successful check allows you to continue grappling the foe, and also allows you to perform one of the following actions." With "If you are grappled, you can attempt to break the grapple as a standard action ... If you succeed, you break the grapple and can act
normally." Seems to imply "If you started the grapple, you can continue it and take one of the following actions. If you did not, you can try to break free or simply do nothing."