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They're changing the classes roles in 2e so this is outdated info to a degree but in 1e:
Envoy is sort of most similar to a bard/rogue/warlock they are about being very skilled and leading your companions.
Mechanic is sorta halfway between a skill monkey and a martial and what subclasses you take take decide where you sit on that line, has things like hacking powers, robot minions, and AIs in your brains that aids you in combat.
Mystics are your clerics/druids/warlocks/classic mages, being mystical casters who draw power from being connected to something. Is worth noting that in SF1e, all casters were medium bab classes, were spontaneous casters & only had spells to 6th level.
Operatives are sorta like starfinder's rogue, being highly skilled individuals who primarily use small arms and finesse-weapons and are generally very mobile warriors.
Soldiers are your fighters.
Solarians are sort of your mystical warriors, each having powers of fire & gravity (or in later supplements electricity & resistance) and being able to summon up things like magic attacks, magic armour, etc.
Technomancers are your more wizard-y mages spell list wise, but also your maguses to a degree. They are casters who mix tech with magic, but have a pretty 'arcane' spell list to them. Is worth noting that in SF1e, all casters were medium bab classes, were spontaneous casters & only had spells to 6th level.