I'm pulling descriptions from the SRD for this one. I'm only addressing theme, and I'm going to confine my analyses to the classes from CRB, APG, ACG, and UM and UC.
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Ruler
The Ruler is the highest-ranking person in the kingdom, above even the other kingdom leaders, and is expected to embody the values of the kingdom. The Ruler performs the kingdom's most important ceremonies (such as knighting royals and signing treaties), is the kingdom's chief diplomatic officer (though most of these duties are handled by the Grand Diplomat), is the signatory for all laws affecting the entire kingdom, pardons criminals when appropriate, and is responsible for appointing characters to all other high positions in the government (such as other leadership roles, mayors of settlements, and judges).
The ruler's a funny position. The Ruler is not just consistent with the theme. Rather, as the highest ranked person in the kingdom, the ruler SETS the theme.
If your ruler is a paladin, for example, then your kingdom is a good place where truth, justice, and valor rule. A necromantic wizard, on the other hand, conjures images of haunted moors and creaky castles haunted by gaunt servants who may or may not be alive.
So any, really, with the understanding that he sets the tone for the rest of the kingdom.
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Consort
The Consort is usually the spouse of the Ruler, and spends time attending court, speaking with and advising nobles, touring the kingdom to lift the spirits of the people, and so on. In most kingdoms, you cannot have two married Rulers and a Consort at the same time.
The Consort represents the Ruler when the Ruler is occupied or otherwise unable to act. With the Ruler's permission, the Consort may perform any of the Ruler's duties, allowing the Ruler to effectively act in two places at once. If the Ruler dies, the Consort may act as Ruler until the Heir comes of age and can take over as Ruler.
The classic occupants for this spot, I think, would be bards, rogues, and sorcerers.
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Councilor
The Councilor acts as a liaison between the citizenry and the other kingdom leaders, parsing requests from the commonwealth and presenting the leaders' proclamations to the people in understandable ways. It is the Councilor's responsibility to make sure the Ruler is making decisions that benefit the kingdom's communities and its citizens.
This spot is tailor-made for a cleric of Erastil or Abadar. It's also a classic spot for a vigilante (by day, he's the mild-mannered counselor. By night, he fights for the common man!!).
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General
The General is the highest-ranking member of the kingdom's military. If the kingdom has an army and a navy, the heads of those organizations report to the kingdom's General. The General is responsible for looking after the needs of the military and directing the kingdom's armies in times of war. Most citizens see the General as a protector and patriot.
For this one, it depends on what kind of military you have. If your military is screaming violent, chaotic warriors, then the barbarian's your man. If you're holy warriors, then call in the paladin!
Otherwise, a leader of men would most likely be a cavalier or a noble-born fighter with high Charisma. A warpriest would also be acceptable. For a slightly different twist, a cleric of a god of war, valor, conquest, civilization, or protection could also work.
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Grand Diplomat
The Grand Diplomat is in charge of the kingdom's foreign policy—how it interacts with other kingdoms and similar political organizations such as tribes of intelligent monsters. The Grand Diplomat is the head of all of the kingdom's diplomats, envoys, and ambassadors. It is the Grand Diplomat's responsibility to represent and protect the interests of the kingdom with regard to foreign powers.
The bard is an obvious choice, although thematically the bard tends toward musical performances just as often as he does making treaties. For this position, I think the rogue, swashbuckler, cavalier, and paladin are all solid thematic choices. Going in another direction, a wizard or sorcerer with a penchant for enchantment makes for a slightly darker choice.
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Heirp
The Heir is usually the Ruler's eldest son or daughter, though some kingdoms may designate a significant advisor (such as a seneschal) as Heir. The Heir's time is mostly spent learning to become a ruler—pursuing academic and martial training, touring the kingdom to get to the know the land and its people, experiencing the intrigues of courtly life, and so on.
Because the Heir carries the potential of being the next Ruler, the Heir's role is similar to the Consort in that the Heir may act on behalf of the Ruler.
Same as consort.
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High Priest
The High Priest tends to the kingdom's religious needs and guides its growth. If the kingdom has an official religion, the High Priest may also be the highest-ranking member of that religion in the kingdom, and has similar responsibilities over the lesser priests of that faith to those the Grand Diplomat has over the kingdom's ambassadors and diplomats. If the kingdom has no official religion, the High Priest may be a representative of the most popular religion in the kingdom or a neutral party representing the interests of all religions allowed by the kingdom.
Any of the divine casters works. The cleric and inquisitor are obviously most suited to this spot, although a warpriest or oracle could fill it as well.
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Magister
The Magister guides the kingdom's higher learning and magic, promoting education and knowledge among the citizens and representing the interests of magic, science, and academia. In most kingdoms, the Magister is a sage, a wizard, or a priest of a deity of knowledge, and oversees the governmental bureaucracy except regarding finance.
Arcane casters. Paging arcane casters. Your wizard and arcanist fit well here, with the sorcerer close behind. A cleric of a knowledge good also works. Considering this position is about learning and experimentation, you could also make the case that the alchemist and investigator could perform this task.
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Marshal
The Marshal ensures that the kingdom's laws are being enforced in the remote parts of the kingdom as well as in the vicinity of the capital. The Marshal is also responsible for securing the kingdom's borders. He organizes regular patrols and works with the General to respond to threats that militias and adventurers can't deal with alone.
This one screams "ranger" at me. The cavalier and ranger also make worthy occupants of this office.
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Royal Enforcer
The Royal Enforcer deals with punishing criminals, working with the Councilor to make sure the citizens feel the government is adequately dealing with wrongdoers, and working with the Marshal to capture fugitives from the law. The Royal Enforcer may grant civilians the authority to kill in the name of the law.
Rogue is one possibility. The inquisitor, the hunter, and the investigator also work well if you're looking for somebody to focus on investigation.
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Spymaster
The Spymaster observes the kingdom's criminal elements and underworld and spies on other kingdoms. The Spymaster always has a finger on the pulse of the kingdom's underbelly, and uses acquired information to protect the interests of the kingdom at home and elsewhere through a network of spies and informants.
Rogue and investigator work quite well for this one, and the vigilante could also work. For a twist, your spymaster might hold a different "cover" position. Perhaps the Court Jester, a highly skilled bard, is also the kingdom's spymaster! Or maybe the Royal Scientist, an alchemist or an investigator, makes the study of the kingdom's well-being part of his portfolio!
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Treasurer
The Treasurer monitors the state of the kingdom's Treasury and citizens' confidence in the value of their money and investigates whether any businesses are taking unfair advantage of the system. The Treasurer is in charge of the tax collectors and tracks debts and credits with guilds and other governments.
You'll want a cleric of Abadar for this one. Or a rogue.
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Warden
The Warden is responsible for enforcing laws in larger settlements, as well as ensuring the safety of the kingdom leaders. The Warden also works with the General to deploy forces to protect settlements and react to internal threats.
Rogue, investigator, and fighter work well for this one. Runners-up include the paladin, the inquisitor, and any cavalier with an order devoted to protection.
