They don't have con scores here, nor do they have any printed rules exceptions.
It seems to be a typo. What is your source?
Clockwork Subtype for constructs does not normally give a constitution score. This is likely an error you have in your material, in Bestiary 3 the text is as follows...
through a fusion of magic and technology. They have the
following traits unless otherwise noted.
• Winding (Ex) Clockwork constructs must be wound with
special keys in order to function. As a general rule, a
fully wound clockwork can remain active for 1 day per
Hit Die, but shorter or longer durations are possible.
• Vulnerable to Electricity: Clockwork constructs take 150%
as much damage as normal from electricity attacks.
• Swift Reactions (Ex) Clockwork constructs generally
react much more swiftly than other constructs.
304
They gain Improved Initiative and Lightning Reflexes
as bonus feats, and gain a +2 dodge bonus to AC.
• Difficult to Create (Ex) The time and gp cost required
to create a clockwork is 150% of normal. Construction
requirements in individual clockwork monster entries
are already increased.
Source Pathfinder Adventure Path #63: The Asylum Stone
STATISTICS
Str 10, Dex 14, Con 10, Int 11, Wis 13, Cha 11
Base Atk +3; CMB +3; CMD 15That's the copy-paste from the AP PDF. they have a con score there too
AP's don't determine rules, but they often have typos. Clockworks don't get con scores, and if the one in the book was a variant golem the AP's call such things out. The golem should have a con of --, and it will be destroyed upon reaching 0 hit points.
I figured since it was a clockwork FAMILIAR, it might be special. they have an INT score too
Intelligent Constructs are not that uncommon, I believe the INT score is intended. The con score might have been intended as well, but as it stands now it's no different than a "-" in con. As you stated Xavier, it might be because of it's possible status as a familiar choice for the feat improved familiar.
Nothing about a constitution score allows you to disregard construct traits if you're a construct. Clockwork familiars in my opinion if the Con 10 statistic is correct still are destroyed at zero hp.
Actually they can't take ability damage as they are immune to it.
Construct Type. . . Immunity to any effect that requires a Fortitude save (unless the effect also works on objects, or is harmless). . .
Which makes me wonder which feature wins out.
Share Spells: The wizard may cast a spell with a target of “You” on his familiar (as a touch spell) instead of on himself. A wizard may cast spells on his familiar even if the spells do not normally affect creatures of the familiar's type (magical beast).
The real question is does it having a con score keep it from dying at 0 HPs.
If it had a con score it would die and not be destroyed. That is the basic difference and humunculus also have intelligence they are basically construct familiars.
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Aaargh! Bestiary 5 has Clockwork Familiar with a Constitution of 10.
So I guess that slipped through editing ... again.
What does having a Constitution score mean for a construct? For a start, that means it is alive, which means cure spells and Raise Dead should work on it. I expect it would also mean it is not treated as an object, so the immunity to effects that require Fortitude saves unless they affect objects would be gone, and probably a few others as well.
But this is all nonsensical! Constructs by definition do not have a Constitution score. (Look at the creature types in any bestiary.)