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American Civil War Fortifications (3): The Mississippi and River Forts
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The Mississippi River played a decisive role in the American Civil War. The Confederate fortifications that controlled the lower Mississippi valley were put to the test in the lengthy Federal campaign of 1862-63. Vicksburg was a fortress city, known as the Gibraltar of the Confederacy, whose capture...

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American Defenses Corregidor/Mailla
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American Defenses of Corregidor and Manila Bay 1898 1945 (Fortress 4) ... Authors: Mark Berhow, Terrance McGovern Illustrator: Chris Taylor ... Paperback; February 19 2003; 64 pages ... The Philippines were declared an American Territory on January 4, 1899, and fortification construction began soon...

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Atlantic Wall (2) Belgium, Netherlan
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Germany's Atlantic Wall was the most ambitious military fortification program of World War II. Following its conquest of Western Europe, Germany had to defend some 5,000km of Atlantic coastline from the Spanish border to the Arctic Circle. The United States' entry into the war and the inevitability...

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Castles of Henry VIII
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In the last years of his reign Henry VIII needed a radically modern system of defence to protect England and its new Church. Anticipating a foreign onslaught from Catholic Europe after his split from Rome, Henry energetically began construction of more than 20 stone forts to protect England's major...

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Chinese Walled Cities 221 BC– AD 1644
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It has been said in China that a city without a wall would be as inconceivable as a house without a roof. Even the smallest village invariably had some form of defensive wall, while the Great Wall of China was an attempt to build a barrier along the most vulnerable border of the entire country. Yet...

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Colditz Oflag IV-C
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Immortalized in film and literature, the 15th century castle of Colditz is remembered not for tales of medieval chivalry or withstanding withering sieges but for its darker past, when it was converted by the Nazis into a prisoner-of-war camp called Oflag IV-C. A natural choice for a prison, Colditz...

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Crusader Castles Teutonic Knights(2)
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Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights (2) The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185 1560 (Fortress 19) ... Author: Stephen Turnbull Illustrator: Peter Dennis ... Paperback; May 25 2004; 64 pages ... The original forced conversion of pagan Livonia, what is now the Baltic states of Latvia and...

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Defense of Japan 1945
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In 1945, with her fleet destroyed and her armies beaten, the only thing that stood between Japan and an Allied invasion was the numerous coastal defence positions that surrounded the islands. This is the first book to take a detailed look at the Japanese home island fortifications that were...

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Defense of the Rhine 1944–45
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The Rhine River represented the last natural defensive barrier for the Third Reich in the autumn of 1944. Although Hitler had been reluctant to allow the construction of tactical defence lines in France, the final defense of the Reich was another matter. As a result, construction of a Rhine defence...

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English Castles 1200-1300
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The simple castles raised after the Norman conquest had been developed throughout 11th and 12th centuries, whilst the introduction of Islamic and Byzantine fortification techniques from the late 12th century led to further developments in castle architecture. These fortifications were to be well...

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Fortress Monasteries of the Himalayas
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The spread of Buddism and Tibetan secular power throughout the Himalayas led to a distinctive style of fortifications not found anywhere else. This book looks at Himalayan fortifications, from their creation in the Middle Ages to their destruction and capture by the Chinese in the 20th century.

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Fortress of Rhodes 1309-1522
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First besieged in 305 BC, the island of Rhodes became part of the Roman Empire and was later fortified in the Byzantine style. Due to its strategic position in the Mediterranean, Rhodes was also attacked and besieged for over a century by Islamic forces. This title details the development of these...

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Forts of Judea
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This book analyzes the fortifications of Hasmonaean and Herodian Judaea from the middle of the second century BC, when the Maccabees rebelled against their Seleucids overlords and established an independent state, until the end of the Jewish-Roman War in AD 73.

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Forts of New France 1600-1763
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New France consisted of the area colonized and ruled by France in North America from the 16th to the 18th centuries. This title, which follows on from Fortress 27: French Fortresses in North America 1534-1763: Qu bec, Montr al, Louisbourg and New Orleans and Fortress 75: The Forts of New France in...

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Forts of the War of 1812
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When war broke out between the United States and Great Britain in 1812, neither side was prepared for the conflict, as evidenced by their respective fortifications. The most sophisticated and modern fortifications were those built by the US Corps of Engineers to protect some of the main port cities....

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German Field Fortifications 1939-45
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German Field Fortifications 1939 45 (Fortress 23) ... Author: Gordon Rottman Illustrator: Ian Palmer ... Paperback; August 20 2004; 64 pages ... The German Army of World War II considered itself an offensive, mobile force. The experiences in the trenches in World War I had done much to shape its...

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German V-Weapon Sites 1943-45
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Designed to change the course of the war, the V-weapons required ambitious plans to defend their expensive and complicated launch sites. Steven J Zaloga describes the configuration and planned deployment of heavy missile sites, as well as the unique Allied tactics developed to counter this threat,...

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Greek Fortification Asia Minor 500-130 BC
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Sandwiched between the heart of ancient Greece and the lands of Persia, the Greek cities of Western Anatolia were the spark that ignited some of the most iconic conflicts of the ancient world. Fought over repeatedly in the 5th century BC, their conquest by the Persians provided a casus belli for...

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Israeli Fortifica October War 1973
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The Bar Lev Line along the Suez Canal was born out of the overwhelming victory of the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) in the Six Day War of 1967. Devastated by their defeat, the Egyptian army bombarded Israeli positions, causing many casualties. Accordingly, the IDF Chief of Staff, General Haim Bar-Lev,...

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Mannerheim Line 1920-1939
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In the wake of the bloody civil war that followed Finland's independence from Russia in 1917, the border between the two countries was established across the Karelian Isthmus, an area long fought over by Russia, Finland and Sweden in their attempts to dominate the northern tip of Europe. Neither the...

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Maori Fortifications
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The Maori people of New Zealand were experienced field engineers even before they came into conflict with Europeans in the 19th Century. Warfare between rival groups was endemic in Maori society, and it was common practice to protect villages with surrounding entrenchments and wooden palisades,...

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Ottoman Fortifications 1300-1710
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The Ottoman Empire was heir to the architectural traditions not only of the Byzantine Empire but also to those of the medieval Islamic Middle East. Having learned from these, the Ottomans created a fusion of military architectural styles to which they added what they learned from their later...

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Roman Auxiliary Forts 27 BC–AD 378
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With the vast expansion of the Roman Empire came a need for more and more fortifications to defend it. The borders of the Empire stretched through wildly different terrains which demanded a huge variety of different fortifications, depending on the local conditions and the threats faced by the...

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Saracen Strongholds 1100-1500
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By the time of the Crusades, the Islamic world had already developed its own sophisticated styles of fortification. Distinctive and highly effective, the region s unique military architecture continued to evolve in response to the Crusader and Mongol threats, and also drew upon the traditions of...

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Scapa Flow
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A strategically important natural harbor in the Orkney Islands, Scapa Flow served as Britain s main fleet anchorage during World Wars I and II. In 1914 and again in 1939, the British began building a comprehensive defensive network by fortifying the entrances to Scapa Flow, and then extended these...

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Spanish Colonial Fortifications in North America 1565–1822
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To maintain its imperial power in America, Spain built fortifications across the width of the continent. These outposts were established along Spanish borders from the late sixteenth century onwards to defend its interests against rival European powers and to suppress uprisings of the Native...

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Stalin and Molotov Lines
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In the years following the Civil War, plans were drawn up to build a major set of fortifications along the Russian western border. Work began in 1926, leading to a front that stretched over 2,000km from the Baltic to the Black Sea. By the time of the outbreak of World War II, the defences of the...

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Strongholds of the Border Reivers: Fortifications of the Anglo-Scottish Border 1296-1603
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In the year 1296, Edward I of England launched a series of vicious raids across the Anglo-Scottish Border in his attempt to annexe Scotland. The Scots retaliated and the two countries were plunged into 300 years of war in which the Borderland became the frontline and raiding, or reiving, encouraged...

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Strongholds of the Picts
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When the Romans withdrew from Britain, the north of the country was ruled by the most mysterious of the ancient British races, the Picts. Much of what is known about these painted warriors, comes from the remains of the fortifications that they left scattered around Scotland. Although the Picts are...

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The Fortifications of Ancient Egypt 3000–1780 BC
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During the Old and Middle Kingdoms, Ancient Egypt led the world in the construction of fortifications. The oldest was discovered on Elephantine Island and dates to c.2900 BC. This book investigates over 2,000 years of Egyptian fortification, including both fortified cities and military...

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The Fortifications of Ancient Israel and Judah 1200–586 BC
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This book provides a detailed study of the fortifications of the founders of ancient Israel from the time of their first settlement in the Middle East, through the periods of the united and divided kingdoms, until the sack of Jerusalem in 586 BC. It begins in the period of Israelite settlement in...

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The Fortifications of Verdun 1874–1917
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The ring of fortifications protecting the city of Verdun on the Meuse River would become critical in the infamous battle of World War I. This book examines these fortifications, including the famous forts of Douaumont and Vaux that saw some of the fiercest fighting during the battle.

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The Forts of Colonial North America
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This book takes a detailed look at the fortifications of various types that were built from the times of the earliest British settlements in North America in the late 16th century until the end of the Seven Years' War, when France ceded New France to Britain. It begins with a study of the forts...

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The Führer’s Headquarters
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The 100th title in the Fortress series, this book describes and examines the F hrerhauptquartiere the 14 or so headquarters built for Hitler. Revealing their locations and how they were used to direct the Nazi war apparatus, this is a fascinating insight into a range of historical sites from Berghof...

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The Walls of Rome
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Having defeated a Germanic invasion of northern Italy, the Emperor Aurelian surrounded Rome with a powerful circuit of walls. This great fortification is one of the best preserved of all city walls in the Roman Empire and remains a dramatic feature of Rome today, representing the most emblematic and...